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A parent trigger is a legal maneuver through which parents can change the administration of a poorly performing public school—most notably, by transforming it into a charter school. The first parent trigger law was passed by the California legislature in January 2010. Similar laws have been adopted subsequently by Louisiana, Mississippi, Connecticut, Texas, Indiana and Ohio.〔 The law has been invoked by parents in the Compton and Adelanto school districts of California; both efforts have been blocked by legal challenges. Since the Compton campaign, parents in different Southern California have begun to use the law to enact changes in their schools. Most recently in California, parents in 20th Street Elementary School〔http://laschoolreport.com/parent-trigger-may-be-pulled-at-20th-street-elementary/〕 and Palm Lane Elementary School〔http://blogs.edweek.org/edweek/charterschoice/2015/04/latest_calif_parent-trigger_effort_marks_only_10th_nationally_since_movements_beginning.html〕 have used the parent trigger law. == History == Parent trigger laws were first introduced by the Los Angeles Parents Union (LAPU), founded in 2006 by Green Dot Public Schools, a charter school company. Green Dot, led by Steve Barr, also conducted campaigns in Watts—using a pre-existing law for school transformation based on petitions from teachers—to transform public schools into charter schools. In May 2009, Green Dot formed Parent Revolution, a group specifically intended to lobby for parent trigger laws and retaining LAPU head Ben Austin as Executive Director. The laws envisioned would allow 51% of parents to form a Parent Union with control over their school and the ability to transform it into a charter. Speaking at a meeting organized by Green Dot, LA mayor Antonio Villaraigosa expressed support for the proposed laws. United Teachers Los Angeles (UTLA) criticized Green Dot and the mayor for attempted union busting. In November 2009, the Los Angeles Unified School District passed parent trigger rules stating that a majority of parents or future parents could transfer a school to outside management. The decision won praise from Parents Revolution and criticism from UTLA. However, some charter operators objected to rules that required charter schools to include neighborhood students and to employ custodial services from the district. Parent Revolution, Mayor Villaraigosa, and others urged the state to pass similar laws. In January 2010, the California legislature passed a "Parent Empowerment" law (Article 3 of (SBX54 ), introduced by Senator Gloria J. Romero and Senator Bob Huff and signed by Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger), becoming the only state in the nation with a parent trigger law. The law's passage, just before a federal deadline on January 19, allowed California to compete for $700 million in federal Race to the Top funding (which it did not ultimately receive) by complying with a Race to the Top requirement that test scores be used to evaluate teachers. SBX54 also includes an "open enrollment" provision, allowing students in underperforming schools to apply for admission at any other school. Parent Revolution—with a $1 million annual budget funded by the Gates Foundation, the Walton Family Foundation, the Wasserman Foundation, the Broad Foundation, and the Hewlett Foundation—announced intentions to seek parent trigger actions across California.〔〔 Two efforts have been conducted thus far.〔 Similar parent trigger laws have been proposed in more than 20 states, and been enacted in Mississippi, Texas, Indiana, and Louisiana. A variation on the law, which uses parents' councils, was passed in Connecticut.〔 Ohio has established a pilot version of the law which applies only to the Columbus City Schools.〔 One parent trigger law was defeated in Florida. Public advocates for parent trigger laws, besides Parent Revolution, include The Heartland Institute,〔 Stand for Children, and Michelle Rhee. The ''New York Times'' reported in 2010 that Education Secretary Arne Duncan and Chicago Mayor Rahm Emanuel support parent trigger laws. President Barack Obama voted "present" on the legislation; Mitt Romney supports it. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Parent trigger」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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